These recommended actionable steps offer a starting point for government officials and policymakers to build frameworks, adopt regulations, and implement chemical safety protocols to ensure safe storage of hazardous materials as well as reorganizing healthcare system disaster preparedness to improve emergency preparedness in response to similar large-scale disasters and promote population safety. It further reviews prior AN incidents and suggests actionable recommendations and strategies to optimize chemical safety measures, improve emergency preparedness, and mitigate the delayed clinical effects of blast and toxic gas exposures. This review represents one of the in-depth reports to provide a detailed analysis of the Beirut blast and its health and environmental implications. The blast supersonic pressure and heat wave claimed the lives of 220 people and injured more than 6,500 instantaneously, with severe damage to the nearby dense residential and commercial areas. An uncontrolled fire in an adjacent warehouse ignited ~2,750 tons of Ammonium Nitrate (AN), producing one of the most devastating blasts in recent history. 6Office of Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, United StatesĪ massive chemical detonation occurred on Augin the Port of Beirut, Lebanon.5Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.4Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.3Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.2Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.1Health Management and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.Dhaini 2 †, Stefania Mondello 3, Haytham Kaafarani 4, Firas Kobeissy 5 * and Ralph G. They will be safe inside a Toolbelt or a Storage Container.Ĭompound N, Volatile Compound N and IC-4 Block, Nitroglycerin, Flash Powder can be triggered by other explosions.Samar Al-Hajj 1 * †, Hassan R. Molotov Cocktails, Nitroglycerin, Oxygenite Shards, Liquid Oxygenite, Flash Powder, Mutated Pomegrenades and Mutated Raptor Banes are at risk of exploding from hard impacts.Īll containers prevent impacts from having an effect on explosives inside.Ĭompound N, Volatile Compound N, IC-4 Blocks, Nitroglycerin, Flash Powder, Mutated Pomegrenades, Mutated Raptor Banes, Oxygen Tanks, Oxygenite Tanks, Welding Fuel Tanks and Incendium Fuel Tanks explode after short contact with fire. Potassium, Sodium, Lithium and Salt Bulbs are triggered by water.Ĭertain Containers are waterproof and it is recommended to store water-sensitive explosives in them.
Some explosives can explode under certain conditions if they are not safely stored.
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